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Consistent Democracy offers an intellectual history of democracy and the so-called woman question from the 1830s through the 1890s. It shows that in asking and answering questions about women's roles responsibilities and rights Americans grappled with fundamental ideas about democracy.

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This book introduces and explains the concept of Valuation Portfolio. It covers life and non-life insurance as well as financial risk.

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In recent years there has been a decentralisation of the enforcement of the EU competition law provisions Articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Consequently the national application of these provisions has become increasingly more common across the European Union. This national application poses various challenges for those concerned about the consistent application of EU competition law. This edited collection provides an in-depth analysis of the most important limitations of and the challenges concerning the applicability of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU at national level. Divided into five parts the book starts out by examining how the consistent enforcement of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU operates as a general EU competition policy. It then discusses several recent landmark cases of the European Court of Justiceon Articles 101 and 102 TFEU before proceeding to analyse certain additional unique jurisdictional challenges to the uniform application of the EU competition law provisions. Subsequently it focuses on one of the most important instruments that can help to achieve the uniform application of EU competition law in cases handled by the national courts: preliminary rulings. Finally it provides selective examples of how Articles 101 and 102 TFEU are effectively applied at national level thereby providing additional input into how problematic the issue of consistent application of EU competition law is in practice.

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Kurt Gödel (1906-1978) shook the mathematical world in 1931 by a result that has become an icon of 20th century science: The search for rigour in proving mathematical theorems had led to the formalization of mathematical proofs to the extent that such proving could be reduced to the application of a few mechanical rules. Gödel showed that whenever the part of mathematics under formalization contains elementary arithmetic there will be arithmetical statements that should be formally provable but aren't. The result is known as Gödel's first incompleteness theorem so called because there is a second incompleteness result embodied in his answer to the question Can mathematics be proved consistent? This book offers the first examination of Gödel's preserved notebooks from 1930 written in a long-forgotten German shorthand that show his way to the results: his first ideas how they evolved and how the jewel-like final presentation in his famous publication On formally undecidable propositions was composed.The book also contains the original version of Gödel's incompleteness article as handed in for publication with no mentioning of the second incompleteness theorem as well as six contemporary lectures and seminars Gödel gave between 1931 and 1934 in Austria Germany and the United States. The lectures are masterpieces of accessible presentations of deep scientific results readable even for those without special mathematical training and published here for the first time.

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Strategic behavior in the human and social world has been increasingly recognized in theory and practice. It is well known that non-cooperative behavior could lead to suboptimal or even highly undesirable outcomes. Cooperation suggests the possibility of obtaining socially optimal solutions and the calls for cooperation are prevalent in real-life problems. Dynamic cooperation cannot be sustainable if there is no guarantee that the agreed upon optimality principle at the beginning is maintained throughout the cooperation duration. It is due to the lack of this kind of guarantees that cooperative schemes fail to last till its end or even fail to get started. The property of subgame consistency in cooperative dynamic games and the corresponding solution mechanism resolve this classic problem in game theory. This book is a comprehensive treatise on subgame consistent dynamic cooperation covering the up-to-date state of the art analyses in this important topic. It sets out to provide the theory solution techniques and applications of subgame consistent cooperation in a wide spectrum of paradigms for analysis which includes cooperative dynamic game models with stochastic state dynamics with uncertain future payoffs with asynchronous players' horizons with random cooperation duration with control spaces switching and with transferable and nontransferable payoffs. The book would be a significant research reference text for researchers in game theory economists applied mathematicians policy-makers corporate decision-makers and graduate students in applied mathematics game theory decision sciences economics and management sciences.

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Integrity constraints are semantic conditions that a database should satisfy in order to be an appropriate model of external reality. In practice and for many reasons a database may not satisfy those integrity constraints and for that reason it is said to be inconsistent. However and most likely a large portion of the database is still semantically correct in a sense that has to be made precise. After having provided a formal characterization of consistent data in an inconsistent database the natural problem emerges of extracting that semantically correct data as query answers. The consistent data in an inconsistent database is usually characterized as the data that persists across all the database instances that are consistent and minimally differ from the inconsistent instance. Those are the so-called repairs of the database. In particular the consistent answers to a query posed to the inconsistent database are those answers that can be simultaneously obtained from all the database repairs. As expected the notion of repair requires an adequate notion of distance that allows for the comparison of databases with respect to how much they differ from the inconsistent instance. On this basis the minimality condition on repairs can be properly formulated. In this monograph we present and discuss these fundamental concepts different repair semantics algorithms for computing consistent answers to queries and also complexity-theoretic results related to the computation of repairs and doing consistent query answering. Table of Contents: Introduction / The Notions of Repair and Consistent Answer / Tractable CQA and Query Rewriting / Logically Specifying Repairs / Decision Problems in CQA: Complexity and Algorithms / Repairs and Data Cleaning

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Arbitrage Theory provides the foundation for the pricing of financial derivatives and has become indispensable in both financial theory and financial practice. This textbook offers a rigorous and comprehensive introduction to the mathematics of arbitrage pricing in a discrete-time finite-state economy in which a finite number of securities are traded. In a first step various versions of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing i.e. characterizations of when a market does not admit arbitrage opportunities are proved. The book then focuses on incomplete markets where the main concern is to obtain a precise description of the set of market-consistent prices for nontraded financial contracts i.e. the set of prices at which such contracts could be transacted between rational agents. Both European-type and American-type contracts are considered. A distinguishing feature of this book is its emphasis on market-consistent prices and a systematic description of pricing rules also at intermediate dates. The benefits of this approach are most evident in the treatment of American options which is novel in terms of both the presentation and the scope while also presenting new results.The focus on discrete-time finite-state models makes it possible to cover all relevant topics while requiring only a moderate mathematical background on the part of the reader. The book will appeal to mathematical finance and financial economics students seeking an elementary but rigorous introduction to the subject; mathematics and physics students looking for an opportunity to get acquainted with a modern applied topic; and mathematicians physicists and quantitatively inclined economists working or planning to work in the financial industry.

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Providing a shared memory abstraction in distributed systems is a powerful tool that can simplify the design and implementation of software systems for networked platforms. This enables the system designers to work with abstract readable and writable objects without the need to deal with the complexity and dynamism of the underlying platform. The key property of shared memory implementations is the consistency guarantee that it provides under concurrent access to the shared objects. The most intuitive memory consistency model is atomicity because of its equivalence with a memory system where accesses occur serially one at a time. Emulations of shared atomic memory in distributed systems is an active area of research and development. The problem proves to be challenging and especially so in distributed message passing settings with unreliable components as is often the case in networked systems. We present several approaches to implementing shared memory services with the help of replication on top of message-passing distributed platforms subject to a variety of perturbations in the computing medium.

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Cloud storage services and NoSQL systems typically offer only Eventual Consistency a rather weak guarantee covering a broad range of potential data consistency behavior. The degree of actual (in-)consistency however is unknown. This work presents novel solutions for determining the degree of (in-)consistency via simulation and benchmarking as well as the necessary means to resolve inconsistencies leveraging this information.

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During the last decade I have explored the consequences of what I have chosen to call the 'consistent preferences' approach to deductive reasoning in games. To a great extent this work has been done in coop eration with my co-authors Martin Dufwenberg Andres Perea and Ylva Sovik and it has lead to a series of journal articles. This book presents the results of this research program. Since the present format permits a more extensive motivation for and presentation of the analysis it is my hope that the content will be of interest to a wider audience than the corresponding journal articles can reach. In addition to active researcher in the field it is intended for graduate students and others that wish to study epistemic conditions for equilibrium and rationalizability concepts in game theory. Structure of the book This book consists of twelve chapters. The main interactions between the chapters are illustrated in Table 0.1. As Table 0.1 indicates the chapters can be organized into four dif ferent parts. Chapters 1 and 2 motivate the subsequent analysis by introducing the 'consistent preferences' approach and by presenting ex amples and concepts that are revisited throughout the book. Chapters 3 and 4 present the decision-theoretic framework and the belief operators that are used in later chapters. Chapters 5 6 10 and 11 analyze games in the strategic form while the remaining chapters-Chapters 7 8 9 and 12-are concerned with games in the extensive form.

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