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This book presents the catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide into various hydrocarbons and other products using photochemical electrochemical and thermo-chemical processes. Products include formate formic acid alcohols lower and higher hydrocarbons gases such as hydrogen carbon monoxide and syngas.

This book presents chemical and biological methods to convert carbon dioxide into various products such as methanol ethanol formic acid formaldehyde volatile organic compounds syngas and polymers.

The book considers the impact of COVID-19 on the GCC member states through the prism of challenges faced by their hydrocarbon sector. Yet the publication's discourse is not solely focused on the problems experienced by the oil and gas industries of the GCC member states after the beginning of the COVID pandemic. Instead the contributors will analyze how these challenges and subsequent response to them affected other aspects of the GCC socio-economic and political development from direct impact of the COVID on the energy sector of the GCC to socio-economic consequences of the oil market crisis for the region and its potential fallouts for the international relations of the Gulf.

Polycyclic hydrocarbons are of interest in many fields of science: theoretical chemistry physical chemistry organic chemistry dyestuff chemistry and biology. With regards to the latter I am indebted to Dr. Regina Schoental of the Medical Research Council for the review in this present work of carcinogenesis by polycyclic hydrocarbons. This book is designed to present the facts in a simple and clear order and to derive empirical rules from them but it does not present a com prehensive theory about polycyclic hydrocarbons. An attempt is made instead to extend classical symbolism into modern structural chemistry. Thus extensive use is made of Robinson's aromatic sextet which is applied in an uncompromising and strict way. This quasi-classical attempt is encouraged further by such completely unexpected dis coveries as those of Dewar benzene and of the electronic asymmetry of formally symmetric hydrocarbons. How difficult it is to break away from any established way of thinking has been admirably expressed by Kekule (Organische Chemie 1861 Part 1 page 4 translated from German): All our ideas are based to an extent much greater than we ordinarily believe on those of our predecessors. Our accumulated experience the notions of which our training has accustomed us to of whatever kind they have been influence the course of our thoughts far more than we are willing to admit; only too frequently the following of our regularly used well trodden way of thinking leads to us overlook the simplest of correlations.

Polycyclic hydrocarbons are of interest in many fields of science: theoretical chemistry physical chemistry organic chemistry dyestuff chemistry and biology. With regard to the latter I am indebted to Dr. Regina Schoental of the Medical Research Council for the review in this present work of carcinogenesis by polycyclic hydrocarbons. This book is designed to present the facts in a simple and clear order and to derive empirical rules from them but it does not present a com prehensive theory about polycyclic hydrocarbons. An attempt is made instead to extend classical symbolism into modern structural chemistry. Thus extensive use is made of Robinson's aromatic sextet which is applied in an uncompromising and strict way. This quasi-classical attempt is encouraged further by such completely unexpected dis coveries as those of Dewar benzene and of the electronic asymmetry of formally symmetric hydrocarbons. How difficult it is to break away from any established way of thinking has been admirably expressed by Kekule (Organische Chemie 1861 Part 1 page 4 translated from the German): All our ideas are based to an extent much greater than we ordinarily believe on those of our predecessors. Our accumulated experience the notions of which our training has accustomed us to of whatever kind they have been influence the course of our thoughts far more than we are willing to admit; only too frequently the following of our regularly used well trodden way of thinking leads us to overlook the simplest of correlations.

The book considers the impact of COVID-19 on the GCC member states through the prism of challenges faced by their hydrocarbon sector. Yet the publication's discourse is not solely focused on the problems experienced by the oil and gas industries of the GCC member states after the beginning of the COVID pandemic. Instead the contributors will analyze how these challenges and subsequent response to them affected other aspects of the GCC socio-economic and political development from direct impact of the COVID on the energy sector of the GCC to socio-economic consequences of the oil market crisis for the region and its potential fallouts for the international relations of the Gulf.

Leading East European petroleum explorationists from Albania Bulgaria the Czech Republic Slovakia former East Germany Hungary Poland and Romania present a systematic view of petroleum geology exploration history production reserves and potential in their countries which until recently have been closed to Western observers. Practitioners and scientists working in the field of hydrocarbon exploration will find valuable information for an interesting target area.

This book reviews Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (NPAHs) contamination in the context of environmental pollution in Asia. It is comprised of the following sections: 1. Fundamental Chemistry and General Characteristics; 2. Analytical Methods; 3. Emission Source and Atmospheric Behavior; 4. Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and PM 2.5 ; 5. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Marine Environments; 6. Metabolic Activation/Toxicities; and 7. Environmental Standards and Guidelines. This volume concentrates on the Far East due to the massive consumption of coal and petroleum in China which has led to considerable levels of air pollution. High concentration of atmospheric PM 2.5 in Beijing have been reported since January 2013 and exposure to such high concentrations may cause respiratory cardiac and lung diseases. Gathering contributions from international experts this volume provides a valuable reference guide for global researchers and students interested in learning from the East Asian experience.

ThIS volume contaInS proceedIngs from a specIal seSSIOn devoted to the hydrocarbons of France whIch was held dunng the 4th Annual Conference of the European ASSOCI atIOn of Petroleum GeoscIentIsts and Engineers at the Palms des Congres Pans from 1 to 5 May 1992. The conference took place in parallel with the 54th MeetIng of the European Association of ExploratIon GeophysicIsts. Altogether there were some 4500 attendees at both. ThIS volume also contaInS additIOnal papers selected to pro vIde a more complete reVIew of regIOnal and thematIc research currently beIng under taken to Improve the effIcIency of hydrocarbon exploratIOn and productIOn In France. ThIs volume IS composed of 32 chapters correspondIng to fIve regIonal tOpICS. Chapters 1 to 4 (Part 1) are general IntroductIOns and statIstIcs on exploratIOn-pro ductIon of hydrocarbons and underground gas storage In France Chapters 5 to 12 (Part 2) concern the Pans BasIn (where about 61 and 3.7 % of domestIc 011 and gas are currently beIng produced) and the neIghbonng offshore French Western Approaches.

The main focus of this book is to show the challenges specific to shale hydrocarbon recovery and the practices to overcome these challenges. This book starts with an overview to the technological evolution that led to successful production of shale plays and the implications of the shale being a source rock for its hydrocarbon recovery. The second chapter presents the operations of well drilling hydraulic fracturing and monitoring activities. Chapter 3 provides an overview of the available methods for reserve estimation of shale resources followed by comprehensive coverage of decline curve analysis (DCA). In a departure from the mostly empirical rate-time DCA methods covered in Chapter 3 advanced rate-time-pressure analysis - often referred to as rate transient analysis (RTA) - methods are presented in Chapter 4. Chapter 4 ends with discussing the complications of fluid flow in shale reservoirs and the required modeling improvements.

Leading East European petroleum explorationists from Albania Bulgaria the Czech Republic Slovakia former East Germany Hungary Poland and Romania present a systematic view of petroleum geology exploration history production reserves and potential in their countries which until recently have been closed to Western observers. Practitioners and scientists working in the field of hydrocarbon exploration will find valuable information for an interesting target area.

This Volume presents applications of hydrocarbon microbiology in the context of environmental pollutant degradation covering pollutants such as petroleum and related wastes (i.e. oil sludge) biofuels lipid-rich wastes chlorinated solvents and BTEX in several environments (marine soil groundwater). The approaches presented range from laboratory experiments and treatment in reactors to field applications. Two chapters highlight innovative approaches to address relevant questions in pollutant degradation such as low environmental concentrations of pollutants and the biodegradation of complex pollutant mixtures using biofilms. Rather than presenting the applications in the form of protocols some of the chapters in this Volume include detailed practical information on the opportunities offered by and limitations of the different approaches providing valuable information for researchers planning to perform bioremediation experiments. Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology Protocols There are tens of thousands of structurally different hydrocarbons hydrocarbon derivatives and lipids and a wide array of these molecules are required for cells to function. The global hydrocarbon cycle which is largely driven by microorganisms has a major impact on our environment and climate. Microbes are responsible for cleaning up the environmental pollution caused by the exploitation of hydrocarbon reservoirs and will also be pivotal in reducing our reliance on fossil fuels by providing biofuels plastics and industrial chemicals. Gaining an understanding of the relevant functions of the wide range of microbes that produce consume and modify hydrocarbons and related compounds will be key to responding to these challenges. This comprehensive collection of current and emerging protocols will facilitate acquisition of this understanding and exploitation of useful activities of such microbes.

This Volume presents a comprehensive series of generic protocols for the genetic and genomic analysis of prokaryotic isolates. Genetic methods for functional analyses employ the latest cloning vectors gene fusion methods and transposon mutagenesis systems as well as systems for introducing protease-cleavage sequences into permissive sites in proteins under investigation. Genomic methods described include protocols for transcriptomics shotgun proteomics interactomics metabolic profiling and lipidomics. Bioinformatic tools for genome annotation transcriptome display and the integration of transcriptomic data into genome-scale metabolic reconstructions are described. Protocols for 13C-based metabolic flux determinations and analysis of the hierarchical and metabolic regulation of fluxes through pathways are included. The Volume thus enables investigators to functionally analyse an isolate over the entire cellular range spanning the gene the genome the transcript repertoire the proteome the interactome the metabolic network with its nodes and their regulatory hierarchies and the metabolic fluxes and their physiological controls. Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology ProtocolsThere are tens of thousands of structurally different hydrocarbons hydrocarbon derivatives and lipids and a wide array of these molecules are required for cells to function. The global hydrocarbon cycle which is largely driven by microorganisms has a major impact on our environment and climate. Microbes are responsible for cleaning up the environmental pollution caused by the exploitation of hydrocarbon reservoirs and will also be pivotal in reducing our reliance on fossil fuels by providing biofuels plastics and industrial chemicals. Gaining an understanding of the relevant functions of the wide range of microbes that produce consume and modify hydrocarbons and related compounds will be key to responding to these challenges. This comprehensive collection of current and emerging protocols will facilitate acquisition of this understanding and exploitation of useful activities of such microbes.

This Volume describes methods for simulating natural environments by using reproducible and controllable meso- and microcosm experiments to analyse hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms and to test hypotheses. It presents important aspects of the preparation of experimental set-ups hydrocarbon application and sampling and features protocols for experiments with different types of samples such as biofilms aquatic systems (e.g. groundwater streams) and sediments including oscillating oxic-anoxic mesocosms as well as for in-situ experimentation in subtidal and deep sediments. Two chapters are dedicated to cultivation under high-pressure conditions and several chapters include protocols for processing samples for downstream chemical microbial or activity analyses. Several of the approaches presented are generic and will benefit anyone embarking on designing meso- and microcosm experiments. < Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology Protocols There are tens of thousands of structurally different hydrocarbons hydrocarbon derivatives and lipids and a wide array of these molecules are required for cells to function. The global hydrocarbon cycle which is largely driven by microorganisms has a major impact on our environment and climate. Microbes are responsible for cleaning up the environmental pollution caused by the exploitation of hydrocarbon reservoirs and will also be pivotal in reducing our reliance on fossil fuels by providing biofuels plastics and industrial chemicals. Gaining an understanding of the relevant functions of the wide range of microbes that produce consume and modify hydrocarbons and related compounds will be key to responding to these challenges. This comprehensive collection of current and emerging protocols will facilitate acquisition of this understanding and exploitation of useful activities of such microbes.

This Volume presents generic protocols for wet experimental and computer-based systems and synthetic biology approaches relevant to the field of hydrocarbon and lipid microbiology. It complements a second Volume that describes protocols for systems and synthetic biology applications. The wet experimental tools presented in this Volume include protocols for the standardisation of transcriptional measurements application of uracil excision-based DNA editing for inter alia multi-gene assembly the use of fluxomics to optimise reducing power availability and the incorporation of non-canonical amino acids into proteins for optimisation of activities. Phenome-ing microbes using a combination of RNA-seq and bioinformatic algorithms is presented as is an illustration using methylotrophs as an example of how the different key omics approaches constitute a pipeline for functional analysis acquisition of a systems overview and metabolic optimisation. Complementary computational tools that are presented include protocols for probing the genome architecture of regulatory networks genome-scale metabolic reconstruction and bioinformatic approaches to guide metabolic engineering. The Volume also includes an overview of how synthetic biology approaches can be used to improve biocontainment. Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology ProtocolsThere are tens of thousands of structurally different hydrocarbons hydrocarbon derivatives and lipids and a wide array of these molecules are required for cells to function. The global hydrocarbon cycle which is largely driven by microorganisms has a major impact on our environment and climate. Microbes are responsible for cleaning up the environmental pollution caused by the exploitation of hydrocarbon reservoirs and will also be pivotal in reducing our reliance on fossil fuels by providing biofuels plastics and industrial chemicals. Gaining an understanding of the relevant functions of the wide range of microbes that produce consume and modify hydrocarbons and related compounds will be key to responding to these challenges. This comprehensive collection of current and emerging protocols will facilitate acquisition of this understanding and exploitation of useful activities of such microbes.

This Volume presents methods for quantifying microbial populations and characterising microbial communities by extracting and analysing biomarkers such as RNA DNA and lipids. The chapters cover a wide range of topics including: cell separation from oil-rich environments enumeration of hydrocarbon degraders and sulphate reducers using most-probable-number techniques and quantification by means of real-time PCR. A variety of molecular methods are described for microbial community profiling such as phospholipid fatty acid analysis DGGE T-RFLP and SSCP. One chapter examines high-throughput sequencing and provides important information on the associated procedures required for thorough data analysis. A further chapter is devoted to the characterisation of protistan communities while the closing chapter describes multiplex fluorescent antibody microarrays for detecting microbial biomarkers. Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology Protocols There are tens of thousands of structurally different hydrocarbons hydrocarbon derivatives and lipids and a wide array of these molecules are required for cells to function. The global hydrocarbon cycle which is largely driven by microorganisms has a major impact on our environment and climate. Microbes are responsible for cleaning up the environmental pollution caused by the exploitation of hydrocarbon reservoirs and will also be pivotal in reducing our reliance on fossil fuels by providing biofuels plastics and industrial chemicals. Gaining an understanding of the relevant functions of the wide range of microbes that produce consume and modify hydrocarbons and related compounds will be key to responding to these challenges. This comprehensive collection of current and emerging protocols will facilitate acquisition of this understanding and exploitation of useful activities of such microbes.

This Volume presents protocols for systems and synthetic biology applications in the field of hydrocarbon and lipid microbiology. It complements another Volume that describes generic protocols for wet experimental and computer-based systems and synthetic biology studies. The protocols in this Volume demonstrate how to employ systems and synthetic biology approaches in the design of microbes for the production of esters isoprenoids hydrophobic polymers rhamnolipid biosurfactant and peptide antimicrobial and thioether-stabilised molecules. Also presented is a protocol for the engineering of transcription factor-based biosensors for intracellular products and another for the creation of a synthetic hydroxylase with novel activity for the selective oxyfunctionalisation of linear alkanes. Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology ProtocolsThere are tens of thousands of structurally different hydrocarbons hydrocarbon derivativesand lipids and a wide array of these molecules are required for cells to function. The global hydrocarbon cycle which is largely driven by microorganisms has a major impact on our environment and climate. Microbes are responsible for cleaning up the environmental pollution caused by the exploitation of hydrocarbon reservoirs and will also be pivotal in reducing our reliance on fossil fuels by providing biofuels plastics and industrial chemicals. Gaining an understanding of the relevant functions of the wide range of microbes that produce consume and modify hydrocarbons and related compounds will be key to responding to these challenges. This comprehensive collection of current and emerging protocols will facilitate acquisition of this understanding and exploitation of useful activities of such microbes.

Determining the composition and properties of complex hydrocarbon mixtures in petroleum synthetic fuels and petrochemical products usually requires a battery of analytical techniques that detect and measure specific features of the molecules such as boiling point mass nuclear magnetic resonance frequencies etc. there have always been a need for new and improved analytical technology to better understand hydrocarbon chemistry and processes. This book provides an overview of recent advances and future challenges in modern analytical techniques that are commonly used in hydrocarbon applications. Experts in each of the areas covered have reviewed the state of the art thus creating a book that will be useful to readers at all levels in academic industry and research institutions.

This Volume presents relevant single-cell and single-molecule approaches in the study of microbes producing and utilizing hydrocarbons and lipids. While generically applicable for all microorganisms the approaches described are wherever possible adapted to the field of study of hydrocarbon and lipid microbiology. The methods include basic procedures for isolating single cells by means of microfluidics and flow cytometry and their cultivation in arrays as pure clones; for isolating amplifying and sequencing single-cell genomes and transcriptomes; and for analysing single-cell metabolomes by means of Raman spectroscopy. Single-molecule approaches include the use of protein:fluorescent dye fusions for protein localization and methods for the production of cell division protostructures and lipid monolayers. Methods for the functional analysis of single cells include detection of metabolically active (protein-synthesizing) cells in environmental samples by bioorthogonal non-canonical amino acid tagging Raman spectroscopy combined with stable isotope labelling and fluorescent in situ hybridisation and visualization of single cells participating in gene transfer activity. Lastly protocols are presented for single-cell biotechnological applications including biofuel production. Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology ProtocolsThere are tens of thousands of structurally different hydrocarbons hydrocarbon derivatives and lipids and a wide array of these molecules are required for cells to function. The global hydrocarbon cycle which is largely driven by microorganisms has a major impact on our environment and climate. Microbes are responsible for cleaning up the environmental pollution caused by the exploitation of hydrocarbon reservoirs and will also be pivotal in reducing our reliance on fossil fuels by providing biofuels plastics and industrial chemicals. Gaining an understanding of the relevant functions of the wide range of microbes that produce consume and modify hydrocarbons and related compounds will be key to responding to these challenges. This comprehensive collection of current and emerging protocols will facilitate acquisition of this understanding and exploitation of useful activities of such microbes.

This Volume presents protocols for investigating the genetic metabolic and ecological potential and functional analysis of microbial communities. Methods are described for the creation and bioinformatic assessment of metagenomic and metatranscriptomic libraries and for metaproteomic analyses which provide important insights into the metabolic potential and interactions of community members. These in turn lead to specific hypotheses concerning the functional contributions of individual populations in the community which may be investigated by the stable isotope probing approaches described in this Volume making it possible to identify those community members primarily responsible for particular functions. Methods for the direct extraction of proteins from environmental samples for sequencing and activity tests are presented providing a broad overview of prevailing metabolic activities and of the types of microbe involved in them. Protocols for the analysis of nutrient flow through microbial communities and for the modelling of dynamic physiological interactions in communities are also provided. Lastly the book presents a protocol for the quantitative assessment of permissiveness for the transfer of conjugative plasmids important agents of physiological change and evolution in microbial communities. Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology ProtocolsThere are tens of thousands of structurally different hydrocarbons hydrocarbon derivatives and lipids and a wide array of these molecules are required for cells to function. The global hydrocarbon cycle which is largely driven by microorganisms has a major impact on our environment and climate. Microbes are responsible for cleaning up the environmental pollution caused by the exploitation of hydrocarbon reservoirs and will also be pivotal in reducing our reliance on fossil fuels by providing biofuels plastics and industrial chemicals. Gaining an understanding of the relevant functions of the wide range of microbes that produce consume and modify hydrocarbons and related compounds will be key to responding to these challenges. This comprehensive collection of current and emerging protocols will facilitate acquisition of this understanding and exploitation of useful activities of such microbes.